![]() ![]() Proponents have sought to justify it using different rationales for various types of information censored: The law tells me that obscenity may deprave and corrupt, but as far as I know, it offers no definition of depravity or corruption. Lady Chatterley's Lover is a literary work of importance.I do not think that it could be held obscene, but am in a difficulty here, for the reason that I have never been able to follow the legal definition of obscenity. When the 1928 novel Lady Chatterley's Lover was put on trial in 1960, Forster wrote: ![]() Forster was a staunch opponent of censoring material on the grounds that it was obscene or immoral, raising the issue of moral subjectivity and the constant changing of moral values. Ĭensorship is often used to impose moral values on society, as in the censorship of material considered obscene. Landier expands his argument by claiming that those who impose censorship must consider what they censor to be true, as individuals believing themselves to be correct would welcome the opportunity to disprove those with opposing views. In a 1997 essay on Internet censorship, social commentator Michael Landier claims that censorship is counterproductive as it prevents the censored topic from being discussed. Rationale and criticism Ĭensorship has been criticized throughout history for being unfair and hindering progress. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law. In contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides (480–406 BC) defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. Socrates' student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, which opposed the existence of democracy. In 399 BC, Socrates went on trial and was subsequently found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety ( asebeia, "not believing in the gods of the state"), and as a punishment sentenced to death, caused by the drinking of a mixture containing hemlock. The details of Socrates's conviction are recorded by Plato as follows. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, while defying attempts by the Athenian state to censor his philosophical teachings, was accused of collateral charges related to the corruption of Athenian youth and sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. ![]() There are no laws against self-censorship.īook burning in Chile following the 1973 coup that installed the Pinochet regime. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and frequently a claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel.ĭirect censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, and content. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of his or her own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship. Governments and private organizations may engage in censorship. Censorship can be conducted by governments, private institutions and other controlling bodies. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Internet censorship and surveillance by countryĬensorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.( Soviet Union / Russian Empire / Russian Federation) ![]() ( Nazi / Democratic Republic / Federal Republic) ![]()
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